ABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN: Los profesionales tienen un rol significativo en el proceso del duelo perinatal, y la relación que construyan con los padres será decisiva para facilitar u obstaculizar su cuidado. OBJETIVO: Comprender la perspectiva de los profesionales de la salud con relación al duelo perinatal. MÉTODO: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos CINAHL, CUIDEN, PsycINFO, PubMed y Google Académico. Se realizó un análisis temático de estos, permitiendo delimitar categorías temáticas comunes. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron 46 artículos cientificos con menos de 10 años de antiguedad. Se identificaron tres categorias para abordar la experiencia vivida: 1) Sentimientos experimentados por los profesionales, como ansiedad, culpa, resignación, síntomas físicos, frustración y evitación; 2) Necesidades sentidas de apoyo, entre estas, soporte emocional, capacitación formal y experiencia laboral que permitan afrontar de mejor forma el duelo con las familias y el equipo; 3) Facilitadores del proceso, donde se destacan la capacitación, años de trayectoria profesional, confianza en si mismo, apoyo de los pares, equipo multidisciplinario, creencia religiososa y apoyo institucional. CONCLUSIÓN: El duelo perinatal es una situación dramática para los padres, los cuales demandan un cuidado sensible. Y los profesionales desempeñan un rol clave en el apoyo integral a los padres, siendo un proceso exigente tanto en lo personal como en lo profesional. Se sugiere formación de pregrado y postgrado, fomentando el diálogo y apoyo entre los equipos. De esta forma se beneficiarán los padres, su familia y los profesionales, los cuales podrán otorgar un cuidado efectivo y de calidad en situación de duelo perinatal.
INTRODUCCIÓN: Professionals play a significant role in the perinatal mourning. The relationship they established with parent in this process is critical in facilitating or hindering the quality of health care in this context. OBJETIVO: to understand the perspective of health care professionals in relation to perinatal grief. METHOD: A literature review was carried out in CINAHL, CUIDEN, PsycINFO, PubMed and the Google Scholar databases. A thematic analysis of the selected articles was carried out, allowing to define common thematic categories in these articles. RESULTS: 46 scientific articles, published in the last ten years, were obtained. Three topics were identified: 1) feelings experienced by professionals, including anxiety, guilt, anger, resignation, physical symptoms, frustration, avoidance and emotional pain; 2) needs related to support, such as emotional support, formal training and work experience that allows for a better approach with families and parents; and 3) facilitators of the process, where training, years of professional experience, self-confidence, peer support, multidisciplinary team, religious beliefs and institutional support stand out. CONCLUSION: Perinatal grief is a complex situation for parents who demand sensitive care. Professionals play a key role in comprehensive support for them, being a demanding process both personally and professionally. Undergraduate and postgraduate training is suggested, encouraging dialogue and support among teams. This would benefit family and professionals, providing effective and quality care in a situation of perinatal grief.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Grief , Attitude to Death , Health Personnel/psychology , Perinatal Death , Parents , Fetal Death , Nurse Midwives/psychologySubject(s)
Humans , Mass Vaccination/trends , Patient Compliance/statistics & numerical data , Vaccination Coverage/trends , Socioeconomic Factors , Time Factors , Chile , Mass Vaccination/statistics & numerical data , Risk Factors , Vaccination Coverage/statistics & numerical data , Vaccination Refusal/trends , Vaccination Refusal/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
Invasive meningococcal disease is challenging for public health, mainly when it manifests with sudden changes in incidence, serogroups and hypervirulent clones that spread in the population, causing great alarm due to its sequelae and often fatal course, a situation that occurred in Chile, starting at week 26 of the year 2012. To face this scenario, an organization of multidisciplinary teams was required, called W-135 Action Plan in Chile, which included sanitary alerts, education, reinforcement of the epidemiological surveillance of suspicious cases, immediate diagnosis through state-of-the-art techniques, blocking of contacts, communication plans, and, from the 42nd week, ON the vaccination campaign was started for children aged from 9-months-old to less than 5 years of age. The vaccination strategy had a great impact on the decrease in incidence (1.3 to 0.1/100,000) and case fatality rate in the vaccinated population (23% to 0%), with a high safety profile, leading to its subsequent inclusion in the national immunization program. The ability to develop molecular, clinical and epidemiological studies allowed us to better understand the situation, supporting public health policy decisions for its control. The W-135 Action Plan implemented by the Ministry of Health in Chile, to manage the outbreak of meningococcal disease by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup W, demonstrated that the coordination of these efforts, through an organized Action Plan, allows the implementation of campaigns at the national level achieving high coverage of risk populations in short periods of time, generating a positive impact on the health of the population.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Young Adult , Mass Vaccination/methods , Health Plan Implementation/methods , Meningococcal Infections/prevention & control , Meningococcal Infections/epidemiology , Seasons , Chile/epidemiology , Incidence , Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control , Age Distribution , Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup W-135 , Vaccination CoverageABSTRACT
Background: 10-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV-10) was introduced in 2011 to the National Immunization Program in Chile. It was administered in 4 doses, but in 2012 it was modified to a 3 dose program. This article shows the results of the Laboratory Surveillance System for Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated of invasive disease from 2007 to 2012 and compares the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) by age groups in the prevaccinal (2007-2010) and postvaccinal period (2012). Methods: Descriptive study of S. pneumoniae surveillance in invasive diseases cases confirmed at the National Reference Laboratory of the Institute of Public Health of Chile from 2007 to 2012. Results: Global incidence of laboratory confirmed IPD cases decreased 27.8% from 2007 to 2012 and showed a lower risk for IPD in 2012 compared with 2007. Incidence in children aged 1 year or less decreased from 56.1 to 16.3 per 100,000 and from 42.0 to 19.9 per 100,000 in children aged 12 to 23 months in the same period. Highest decreases were observed in IPD cases caused by serotypes 4 (100%), 19F (93.3%), 23F (90.9%), 14 (81.1%), 6B (70%), 18C (58.3%) and 1(81.8%) in children aged 2 years or less. Conclusion: Surveillance System detects S.pneumoniae isolated from invasive diseases, contributing with information about laboratory confirmed IPD trends, prevalent serotypes and replacement effects. These results can be used as evidence in healthcare decision making for pneumococcal vaccines.
Introducción: La vacuna neumocóccica 10 valente fue incorporada al Programa Nacional de Inmunizaciones (PNI) desde enero de 2011 para lactantes mediante un esquema de cuatro dosis, y desde 2012, con un esquema de tres dosis. El objetivo de esta publicación es dar a conocer el resultado de la vigilancia de laboratorio de Streptococcus pneumoniae aislado de enfermedad invasora (ENI) desde el año 2007 al 2012 y comparar la incidencia de esta enfermedad según grupos de edades en un período prevacunal (2007-2010) con el postvacunal (2012). Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de los resultados de la vigilancia de S. pneumoniae en los casos de ENI confirmados microbiológicamente en Chile, en el Laboratorio Biomédico Nacional de Referencia del Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile (ISP) durante los años 2007 a 2012. Resultados: La evolución de la incidencia global de S. pneumoniae en casos de ENI muestra un menor riesgo en los años estudiados (OR 2011 vs 2007-2010: 0,82 (IC 95%: 0,75-0,89); OR 2012 vs 2007-2010: 0,76 (IC 95%: 0,70-0,82)). En niños bajo un año de edad, la incidencia disminuyó desde 56,1 a 16,3 por 100.000 y en niños de 12 meses a 23 meses desde 42,0 a 19,9 por 100.000, en el mismo período. Los mayores porcentajes de disminución en los menores de 2 años se observaron en los casos de ENI producidos por los serotipos 4 (100%), 19F (93,3%), 23F (90,9%), 14 (81,1%), 6B (70%), 18C (58,3%) y 1(81,8%). Conclusión: El sistema de vigilancia permite detectar cepas de S. pneumoniae aisladas de enfermedad invasora en nuestro país, lo que aporta información respecto de la tendencia de la ENI confirmada microbiológicamente en Chile, los serotipos prevalentes y el posible efecto de reemplazo de ellos descrito en otros países, aportando a la autoridad de salud una herramienta adicional para la toma de decisiones respecto del tipo de vacuna a usar en el PNI con la mejor evidencia disponible.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Middle Aged , Pneumococcal Infections/epidemiology , Pneumococcal Vaccines/administration & dosage , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Chile/epidemiology , Incidence , Population Surveillance , Pneumococcal Infections/diagnosis , Pneumococcal Infections/microbiology , Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & controlABSTRACT
Background: Laboratory surveillance of Invasive Meningococcal Disease (IMD) is performed by the Institute of Public Health of Chile. It confirms identification, classifies in serogroups and analyzes the genetic profiles of Neisseria meningitidis isolates from laboratories throughout the country. Aim: To show the results of this surveillance from 2006 to 2012. Methods: A descriptive data analysis of the confirmed cases of IMD and serological characterization, susceptibility and genetic profiles of the isolates. The analysis was disaggregated by serogroup, age and region. Results: From 2006 to 2012, 486 isolates of N. meningitidis were confirmed. In 2011 a rise in IMD rates was observed due to an increase in W serogroup cases, mainly affecting children aged 5 years or less. Serogroup W became the most prevalent during 2012 (58.3%), replacing the historically prevalent serogroup B. Predominating strains belonged to ST-32 complex/ET-5 complex (40, 4% of strains) and ST-41/44 complex/ Lineage 3 (45, 9% of strains). Conclusions: Laboratory surveillance has allowed the early detection of increasing IMD caused by serogroup W, which is emergent in Chile. This information has reinforced the daily monitoring of new cases, in collaboration with all the clinical laboratories of the country.
Introducción: La vigilancia de laboratorio de enfermedad meningocócica invasora (EMI) que realiza el Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, confirma, seroagrupa y estudia el perfil genético de las cepas de Neisseria meningitidis provenientes de los laboratorios del país. Objetivo: En este artículo se muestra los resultados de esta vigilancia entre los años 2006 a 2012. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los casos confirmados de EMI, caracterización serológica, el análisis de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana y el estudio de subtipo genético de la cepa. El análisis se desagregó por serogrupo, edad y región. Resultados: En el período 2006-2012 fue confirmado un total de 486 cepas de N. meningitidis. A partir del año 2011 se observó un alza en la tasa de EMI dado por el número de casos del serogrupo W, afectando principalmente a niños bajo 5 años de edad. El W se transformó en el serogrupo prevalente el año 2012 (58,3%), desplazando al serogrupo B, el cual históricamente había sido prevalente. Predominaron principalmente las cepas pertenecientes al complejo clonal ST-32 complex/ET-5 complex (40,4% de las muestras) y el ST-41/44 complex/Lineage 3 (45,9% de las muestras). Conclusiones: El sistema de vigilancia de laboratorio ha permitido la identificación del serogrupo W, emergente en Chile. Esta información nos ha obligado a estar en permanente alerta y monitoreo de casos diarios, mediante la participación activa de todos los laboratorios clínicos del país.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Meningococcal Infections/epidemiology , Neisseria meningitidis , Population Surveillance , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Bacterial Typing Techniques , Chile/epidemiology , Epidemiological Monitoring , Genotype , Incidence , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Meningococcal Infections/microbiology , Neisseria meningitidis/drug effects , Neisseria meningitidis/geneticsABSTRACT
The epidemiologic behavior of the Invasive Meningococcal Disease (IMD) in Chile has changed. At the end of 2011, the W135 serogroup belonging to the hypervirulent clone ST-11 emerged. It affected diverse countries of the world, after the Mecca pilgrimage in 2000. In Chile, there have been 133 IMD cases during 2012. These figures represent an incidence of 0.7 per 100,000 inhabitants, which is 30% higher than expected. Eighty eight percent of cases were confirmed by the National Reference Laboratory at the Chilean Public Health Institute. The serogroup was determined in 103 strains and 58% belonged to the W135 serogroup, surpassing for the first time the B serogroup (37%). The Metropolitan Region concentrated 80% of these cases, and the remaining 20% affected other seven regions of the country. Forty seven percent of cases corresponded to children less than 5 years of age. The predominant clinical presentation of the W135 serogroup was a sepsis in 67% of cases. The fatality ratio of IDM during 2012 was 27%, the highest in the past 20 years. With this information, the Chilean Ministry of Health decreed a sanitary alert and implemented an integrated approach to control and prevent W-135 IDM, denominated "W-135 Action Plan".
Subject(s)
Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Meningitis, Meningococcal/epidemiology , /classification , Chile/epidemiology , Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field , Epidemiological Monitoring , Incidence , Meningitis, Meningococcal/diagnosis , Meningitis, Meningococcal/microbiology , Multilocus Sequence Typing , /genetics , SerotypingABSTRACT
Se determinó la magnitud de la resistencia del Mycobacterium tuberculosis a las drogas antibacilares en pacientes con meningitis tuberculosa, con y sin antecedentes de tratamiento. Se estableció una resistencia de 20,0 y 9,9%respectivamente. Estas cifras coinciden con las encontradas en las otras localizaciones de tuberculosis, por lo que no debe esperarse un mayor porcentaje de fracasos terapéuticos por esta causa. A pesar de ello, dada la gravedad de la localización meníngea continuaremos determinando el patrón de resistencia en todo nuevo caso de meningitis tuberculosa